T5 exonuclease-based method to identify DNA topoisomerase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides assays and methods for studying DNA topology and topoisomerases. The assays and methods utilize a circular plasmid DNA comprising one or more hairpin structures and the ability of T5 exonuclease (T5E) to digest the circular plasmid DNA in a specific configuration. The assays and methods can be used as a high throughput screening for inhibitors of, for example, DNA gyrases and DNA topoisomerases I for anticancer drug and antibiotics discovery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.17/343,918, filed Jun. 10, 2021; which is a continuation application ofU.S. Ser. No. 17/072,502, filed Oct. 16, 2020, which are incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under AI125973, awardedby the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rightsin the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled“SeqList-16Oct20-ST20”, which was created on Oct. 16, 2020, and is 8 KB.The entire content is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

DNA topoisomerases (Topos) are enzymes responsible for the relaxation of(+) and (−) supercoiled (se) DNA and the resolution of DNA knots andcatenanes during essential biological processes, such as DNAreplication, transcription, recombination, and maintenance of chromosomestructure. These enzymes catalyze the changes in DNA topology throughcreating transient DNA break. DNA topology is a tightly-regulatedproperty of the DNA double helix that affects genomic stability andinfluences susceptibility to cancer and certain hereditary diseases,such as fragile X syndrome and autism.

DNA Topos that control DNA topology inside cells are, thus, importanttargets for certain antibiotics and anticancer drugs. For example, typeIIA topoisomerases cut and rejoin a double strand of DNA duringcatalysis. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are prokaryotic type IIAtopoisomerases that have been extensively explored as validated targetsfor antibacterial therapy in the clinic. Bacterial DNA gyrase and TopoIV are the targets of fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, one ofthe most important and prescribed antibiotics. Human topoisomerases Iand II are targets of clinically important anticancer drugs includingcamptothecin/topotecan and doxorubicin.

Bacterial DNA topoisomerase I is a type IA topoisomerase responsible forpreventing excessive negative supercoiling in bacteria. At least onetype IA topoisomerase is present in every bacterial pathogen to resolvetopological barriers that require the cutting and rejoining of a singlestrand of DNA and passage of DNA through the transient break.

Escherichia coli topoisomerase I (EcTopI) is the most extensivelystudied type IA topoisomerase. Topoisomerase I function is essential fora number of bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae andHelicobacter pylori. There is only one type IA topoisomerase encoded bythe genomes of Mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis topoisomerase I(MtbTopI) has been demonstrated in genetic studies to be essential forviability both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that topoisomerase Iis a vulnerable target in M. tuberculosis for chemical inhibition.

One commonly used assay to test DNA Topo activities is agarose gelelectrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis, however, islabor-intensive and time-consuming, and cannot be used as highthroughput screening (HTS) assays. Another assay is to use fluorescentlylabeled DNA molecules to study DNA Topos by fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer (FRET) or supercoiling dependent fluorescence quenching(SDFQ) (Gu, M., Berrido, A., Gonzalez, W. G., Miksovska, J., Chambers,J. W., & Leng, F. (2016) Fluorescently labeled circular DNA moleculesfor DNA topology and topoisomerases. Sci. Rep. 6, 36006; Wang, Y.,Rakela, S., Chambers, J. W., Hua, Z. C., Muller, M. T., Nitiss, J. L.,Tse-Dinh, Y. C., & Leng, F. (2019) Kinetic Study of DNA Topoisomerasesby Supercoiling-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching. ACS Omega. 4,18413-18422; Jude, K. M., Hartland, A., & Berger, J. M. (2013) NucleicAcids Res. 41, e133). However, the synthesis of this type offluorescently labeled DNA molecules is too expensive, preventing the useof them as a regular screening agent for drug discovery. Additionally,certain potential Topo inhibitors have fluorescence that greatlyinterfere with the final detection signal.

Thus, there is a need to develop and/or identify agents, methods andassays to identify Topo inhibitors used as anti-cancer and antibacterialagents. Preferably, such methods and assays can be used for highthroughput screening (HTS) assays.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides cost effective assays and methods forhigh throughput screening (HTS) assays to identify potential inhibitorsthat target enzymes such as DNA topoisomerases (e.g., bacterial DNAtopoisomerase I and DNA gyrases as well as human DNA topoisomerase I andII). DNA topoisomerases are targets of important anticancer drugs andantibiotics. This technology can be used to identify new topoisomeraseinhibitors that can be developed into antibiotics and anticancer drugs.

In one embodiment, the assays and methods use a type of unique nucleicacid molecule, preferably, a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA moleculethat has the ability to interconvert between a relaxed (rx)configuration and a supercoiled (sc) configuration, wherein the circulardsDNA molecule in the sc configuration comprises one or more hairpinstructures. In one embodiment, the circular dsDNA molecule in the scconfiguration comprises one or more hairpin structures in each strand.

In a preferred embodiment, the circular dsDNA molecule is a circulardouble-stranded plasmid that has the ability to interconvert between arelaxed (rx) configuration and a supercoiled (sc) configuration. In aspecific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid in the scconfiguration comprises two hairpin structures. The circulardouble-stranded plasmid in the sc configuration comprises one hairpinstructure in each strand.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid comprises asequence comprising adenosine-thymidine repeats (AT)_(n) (n≥2) in eachstrand. The sequence comprising (AT)n forms a hairpin structure in eachstrand of the circular double-stranded plasmid when the circulardouble-stranded plasmid is in the sc configuration.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid comprises atleast one DNA endonuclease or exonuclease recognition site that can berecognized by a DNA endonuclease or exonuclease. Subsequently, thecircular double-strand plasmid is cleaved or digested by suchendonuclease or exonuclease, failing to maintain relaxed and supercoiledconfigurations.

In one embodiment, the assays and methods of the subject invention alsotake advantage of a unique property of T5 exonuclease (T5E) thatinitiates nucleotide removal from the 5′ termini or at gaps and nicks oflinear or circular dsDNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction. While T5E does notdegrade rx DNAs, it can digest sc dsDNAs that carries a hairpinstructure or contains linear and nicked DNAs.

In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention forscreening/identifying inhibitors targeting a DNA topoisomerase comprisesproviding a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor of the DNAtopoisomerase; mixing the DNA topoisomerase of interest and a circulardsDNA molecule with the sample, wherein the circular dsDNA moleculecomprises two or more hairpin structures when the circular dsDNAmolecule is in a sc configuration; adding T5E into the mixture; adding asignal reporter, e.g., a DNA-staining dye; and determining the presenceor absence of the inhibitor based on a signal generated from the signalreporter, e.g., fluorescence, in the sample. In a specific embodiment,the sample is a sample in a high throughput screening (HTS) samplecarrier.

In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention forscreening/identifying inhibitors targeting a DNA topoisomerase comprisesproviding a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor of the DNAtopoisomerase; adding a circular dsDNA molecule comprising anadenosine-thymidine dinucleotide repeat (AT)n sequence, wherein n≥2;adding the DNA topoisomerase; adding T5E; adding a dye, e.g.,DNA-staining dye; and determining the presence or absence of theinhibitor based on the fluorescence in the sample.

In one embodiment, the DNA topoisomerase is selected from DNAtopoisomerase I, II, III, IV, V and DNA gyrase. In a specificembodiment, the DNA topoisomerase is bacterial DNA topoisomerase I,bacterial DNA gyrase, human DNA topoisomerase I or human DNAtopoisomerase II. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA topoisomerase I isE. coli topoisomerase I, Variola topoisomerase I, Mtb topoisomerase I orhuman DNA topoisomerase I.

In a specific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid is pAB1.Plasmid pAB1 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-2) is a double-stranded circular DNAmolecule that contains 2757 base pairs. It can be propagated in E. colicells, such as DH5a, and Top10. It comprises a 42-base pair AT sequencethat can form two hairpin structures when pAB1 becomes negativelysupercoiled, i.e., one hairpin structure in each strand.

In one embodiment, the dye is selected from, e.g., Hoechest 33258, SYBRgold, ethidium bromide, EthD-1, and SYBR green. Preferably, the dye isethidium bromide, or EthD-1.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method forscreen/identifying inhibitors of a DNA topoisomerase I, the methodcomprising providing a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor ofthe DNA topoisomerase I; adding a circular double-stranded plasmid ofthe subject invention, the circular double-stranded plasmid being in asupercoiled configuration and comprising one or more hairpin structuresin each strand; adding a DNA topoisomerase I; adding T5E; adding aDNA-staining dye; and determining the presence or absence of theinhibitor based on the fluorescence in the sample, wherein a lowerfluorescence in the sample than a control is indicative of the presenceof the inhibitor of the DNA topoisomerase I, wherein the control maycomprise the circular double-stranded plasmid in a relaxed conformationin the presence of the DNA topoisomerase I.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method forscreen/identifying inhibitors of a DNA gyrase, the method comprisingproviding a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor of the DNAgyrase; adding a relaxed circular double-stranded plasmid of the subjectinvention; adding T5E; adding a DNA-staining dye; and determining thepresence or absence of the inhibitor based on the fluorescence in thesample, wherein a higher fluorescence in the sample than a control isindicative of the presence of the inhibitor of the DNA gyrase, whereinthe control may comprise, for example, the circular supercoileddouble-stranded plasmid in the presence of the DNA gyrase.

In one embodiment, the subject invention also provides a method forscreen/identifying DNA intercalators, the method comprising providing asample suspected of containing a DNA intercalator; adding a circulardouble-stranded plasmid of the subject invention, the circulardouble-stranded plasmid being in a supercoiled configuration andcomprising one or more hairpin structures in each strand; adding T5E;adding a DNA-staining dye; and determining the presence or absence ofthe DNA intercalator based on the fluorescence in the sample, wherein ahigher fluorescence in the sample than a control is indicative of thepresence of the DNA intercalator, wherein the control may comprise thecircular sc double-stranded plasmid in the absence of a DNAintercalator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B show that T5 exonuclease completely digests supercoiledplasmid pAB1 that contains hairpin structures. (A) A hairpin structureis formed from the 42 nt AT sequence when pAB1 becomes negativelysupercoiled. (B) T5 exonuclease completely digested sc pAB1 (lanes 1-3)and cannot digest sc plasmid pUC18 (lanes 4-6).

FIGS. 2A-2C show a T5 exonuclease-based assay to identify DNA gyraseinhibitors. (A) An experimental strategy to screen inhibitors targetingbacterial DNA gyrase by T5E. (B) T5E can completely digest sc pAB1(lanes 2 and 5), but not rx pAB1 (lanes 4 and 6). Novobiocin completelyinhibited gyrase activities (lane 6). (C) The DNA-staining dye ethidiumhomodimer 1 (EthD1) was added to the DNA samples. The fluorescence wasmeasured at λ_(em) of 617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader.Lanes 1-6 correspond to the DNA samples of lanes 1-6 in (B),respectively. bk represents background fluorescence in an empty well.

FIGS. 3A-3D show high concentrations of nucleotides inhibit T5exonuclease activities. (A) Supercoiled plasmid pAB1 was used in thereaction mixtures. C represents the sc pAB1 control sample. Symbols: se,supercoiled; rx, relaxed. (B) A double fluorescently-labeled oligomerHP1 was designed to test the flap endonuclease activities of T5exonuclease. The 5′ and 3′-end of HP1 are labeled with fluorescein (F)and TAMRA (T), respectively. 3′-T and 5′-F represent the TAMRA-labeledand Fluorescein-labeled oligomers digested by T5 exonuclease,respectively. (C) and (D) High concentrations of nucleotides inhibit T5exonuclease activities using HP1 as the substrate. DNA samples wereloaded onto 20% PAGE gels in 1×TAE and photographed. No staining wasneeded. C represents the HP1 DNA control sample.

FIGS. 4A-4E show the determination of the optimal conditions for the T5exonuclease based HTS assay to screen and identifying bacterial DNAgyrase inhibitors. The T5 nuclease-based HTS assay for bacterial DNAgyrase is described under Method and FIG. 2A. The fluorescence wasmeasured at λ_(em) of 617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader.(A-C) The plasmid pAB1 DNA concentration, T5 exonuclease concentration,and E. coli DNA gyrase concentration were varied, respectively. (D andE) The T5 exonuclease time was changed for the assay.

FIGS. 5A-5F show different DNA-staining dyes used in the T5exonuclease-based screen assays. (A) 1% agarose gel to show the effectsof T5 exonuclease on plasmid pAB1 in different reaction mixtures. rx andsc represent the starting plasmid pAB1 samples either relaxed orsupercoiled, respectively. Hoechst 33258 (B; λ_(em)=461 nm withλ_(ex)=352 nm), SYBR Gold (C; λ_(em)=536 nm with λ_(ex)=470 nm), SYBRGreen (D; λ_(em)=520 nm with λ_(ex)=497 nm), ethidium bromide (E;λ_(em)=590 nm with λ_(ex)=360 nm), and ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1, F;λ_(em)=617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm) were used.

FIGS. 6A-6B show the inhibition of DNA gyrase. DNA gyrase was potentlyinhibited by ciprofloxacin (A) and novobiocin (B). The fluorescenceintensity at λ_(em)=617 nm was monitor with λ_(ex)=528 nm. Theinhibition IC50 was estimated to be 3.1 and 0.48 μM for ciprofloxacinand novobiocin, respectively.

FIG. 7 shows the HTS screen of the 50-compound library for E. coli DNAgyrase inhibitors in triplicate. The library includes novobiocin,levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin,suramin, echinomycin, ethacridine, ocolinic acid, nalidixic acid,trovafloxacin, netropsin, camptothecin, topotecan, tyrphostin AG 537,ampicillin, antimycin, polymyxin B sulfate salt, L-tryptophan, pyridine,spectinomycin, tetracycline, sulfanilamide, kanamycin, deoxyadenosine,D-galactose, D-glucose, glycine, L-arabinose, L-lysine, vancomycin,bacitracin, vitamin B1, imidazole, chloroquine, NSC47384, NSC54278,NSC108753, NSC116344, NSC116983, NSC130785, NSC149044, NSC152030,NSC174201, NSC409146, NSC601986, NSC640205, NSC668394, and NSC97419.

FIG. 8 shows a strategy to identify DNA intercalators by the T5exonuclease based method.

FIGS. 9A-9C show a T5 exonuclease based assay to identify MtbTopIinhibitors. (A) The experimental strategy to screen MtbTopI inhibitors.(B) T5 exonuclease (T5E) can completely digest sc pAB1 (lane 3), but notrx pAB1 (lane 2). (C) The DNA-staining dye ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1)was added to the DNA samples. The fluorescence was measured at λ_(em) of617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader. SC, TopoI, and T5 areDNA samples of lanes 1-3 FIG. 9B, respectively. Sur represents suramin,a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor.

FIG. 10 shows a strategy to identify inhibitors of E. coli DNA topo I bythe T5 exonuclease based method.

FIG. 11 shows the HTS screen of 50 compound library for E. coli topo Iinhibitors in triplicate.

FIG. 12 shows a strategy for identifying inhibitors of Variola virus DNAtopo I by the T5 exonuclease based method.

FIGS. 13A-13B show strategies for identifying inhibitors of human DNAtopoisomerase I (HuTopI) (A) and DNA topoisomerase II (HuTopII) (B) bythe T5 exonuclease based method.

FIGS. 14A-14D show that NSC668394 inhibits HuTopI but not MtbTopI. (A)Chemical structure of NSC668394, a new human DNA topoisomerase Iinhibitor. (B) Compound NSC668394 potently inhibited HuTopI activitieswith an IC50 of 5 μM. It did not inhibit MtbTop1. The humanTopI-catalyzed DNA relaxations were monitored. 60 μL of 1×huTopI Buffer(10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.9, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% BSA, 0.1 mM Spermidine, 5%glycerol) containing two different concentrations of sc pAB1_FL905 wasprepared. 25 nM of huTopI was used to relax the sc pAB1_FL905. Thefluorescence intensity at λ_(em)=521 nm was monitor using a BiotekSynergy HI Hybrid Plate Reader with λ_(ex)=482 nm. (C) NSC668394inhibited human topI activities. (D) NSC668394 did not inhibit MtbTop1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a DNA sequence of the top strand of the plasmid pAB1contemplated for use according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO: 2 is a DNA sequence of the bottom strand of the plasmid pAB1contemplated for use according to the subject invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides cheap or cost-effective and sensitiveassays and methods for screening or identifying inhibitors that targetthe DNA topology-affecting enzymes such as DNA topoisomerases (e.g.,bacterial DNA topoisomerase I, and DNA gyrases), from a compound librarycomprising a large number of compounds. DNA topoisomerases are targetsof anticancer drugs and antibiotics. This technology can be used toidentify new topoisomerase inhibitors that can be developed intoantibiotics and anticancer drugs.

In one embodiment, the assays and methods use a type of unique nucleicacid molecule, preferably, a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA moleculethat has the ability to interconvert between a relaxed (rx)configuration and a supercoiled (sc) configuration. Advantageously, suchnucleic acid molecules can be used for fast detection of changes in DNAtopology due to the ability to convert from the sc conformation to therx conformation.

In one embodiment, the circular dsDNA molecule upon supercoilingundergoes structural changes including the formation of hairpinstructures and/or cruciform structures. In a further embodiment, thecircular dsDNA molecule comprises two or more hairpin/cruciformstructures. Specifically, the circular dsDNA molecule in the scconfiguration comprises one or more hairpin/cruciform structures in eachstrand.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded DNA molecule is acircular double-stranded plasmid that has the ability to interconvertbetween a relaxed (rx) configuration and a supercoiled (sc)configuration. The circular double-stranded plasmid in the scconfiguration comprises two or more hairpin/cruciform structures. In aspecific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid in the seconfiguration comprises one hairpin/cruciform structure in each strand.

In certain embodiments, the circular double-stranded plasmid maycomprise, for example, about 1000 base pairs to 100,000 base pairs,about 1000 base pairs to 50,000 base pairs, about 1000 base pairs to20,000 base pairs, about 1000 base pairs to 10,000 base pairs, about1000 base pairs to 5000 base pairs, about 1000 base pairs to 4000 basepairs, about 1000 base pairs to 3000 base pairs, about 1500 base pairsto 3000 base pairs, or about 2000 base pairs to 3000 base pairs.

In one embodiment, the hairpin/cruciform structure in a single strand ofthe circular double-stranded plasmid may be formed by a sequencecomprising, or consisting of, about 7 nucleotides to about 200nucleotides, about 7 nucleotides to about 150 nucleotides, about 10nucleotides to about 120 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 100nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 90 nucleotides, about 20nucleotides to about 80 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 70nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 60 nucleotides, about 30nucleotides to about 60 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 50nucleotides, or about 40 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides.

In one embodiment, the hairpin/cruciform structure in each strand of thecircular double-stranded plasmid may comprise a stem comprising, orconsisting of, a 2 base pairs to 50 base pairs, 2 base pairs to 40 basepairs, 2 base pairs to 30 base pairs, 2 base pairs to 20 base pairs, 2base pairs to 10 base pairs, 5 base pairs to 50 base pairs, 5 base pairsto 40 base pairs, 5 base pairs to 30 base pairs, 5 base pairs to 20 basepairs, 10 base pairs to 50 base pairs, 10 base pairs to 40 base pairs,10 base pairs to 30 base pairs, 10 base pairs to 20 base pairs, 20 basepairs to 50 base pairs, 20 base pairs to 40 base pairs, 20 base pairs to30 base pairs, 30 base pairs to 50 base pairs, or 30 base pairs to 40base pairs.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid comprises asequence comprising adenosine-thymidine repeats (AT)_(n) (n≥2) in eachstrand. In some embodiments, n≥2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,or 50. In a specific embodiment, in the sc state, the sequencecomprising (AT)n adopts, for example, the hairpin/cruciform structuresin each strands of the circular double-stranded plasmid, while in the rxcircular dsDNA molecule, the sequences comprising (AT)n are in adouble-stranded conformation.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid may comprise atleast 4-base pair ATs, at least 6-base pair ATs, at least 8-base pairATs, at least 10-base pair ATs, at least 12-base pair ATs, at least14-base pair ATs, at least 16-base pair ATs, at least 18-base pair ATs,at least 20-base pair ATs, at least 22-base pair ATs, at least 24-basepair ATs, at least 26-base pair ATs, at least 28-base pair ATs, at least30-base pair ATs, at least 32-base pair ATs, at least 32-base pair ATs,at least 34-base pair ATs, at least 36-base pair ATs, at least 38-basepair ATs, at least 40-base pair ATs, or at least 42-base pair ATs.

In some embodiments, the (AT), sequence in a single strand of theinstant ds DNA molecule may comprise a minimal of about 10 ATdinucleotides to a maximal of about 80 AT dinucleotides. For example,the instant dsDNA molecule can comprise AT dinucleotide sequences fromabout 10 ATs to about 70 ATs; about 10 ATs to about 60 ATs; about 10 ATsto about 50 ATs; about 10 ATs to about 40 ATs; 15 ATs to about 30 ATs;about 18 ATs to about 25 ATs; or about 20 to about 25 ATs.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid comprises atleast one DNA endonuclease or exonuclease recognition site that can berecognized by a DNA endonuclease or exonuclease. Subsequently, thecircular double-strand plasmid is cleaved or digested by suchendonuclease or exonuclease, failing to maintain relaxed and supercoiledconfigurations.

In a specific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmid is pAB1.Plasmid pAB1 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-2) is a double-stranded circular DNAmolecule that contains 2757 base pairs. It can be propagated in E. colicells, such as DH5a, and Top10. It comprises a 42-base pair AT sequencethat can form two hairpin structures when pAB1 becomes negativelysupercoiled, i.e., one hairpin structure in each strand.

In one embodiment, the assays and methods of the subject invention takeadvantage of a unique property of T5E that can initiate nucleotideremoval from the 5′ termini or at gaps and nicks of linear or circulardsDNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction. While T5E does not degrade sc dsDNAsand relaxed (rx) DNAs, e.g., rx plasmid pAB1, it can digest sc dsDNAs,e.g., sc plasmid pAB1, that carries a hairpin structure or containslinear and nicked DNA. After the T5E digestion, the DNA samples can bestained by a DNA-binding dye, e.g., either DNA intercalators or groovebinders, to differentiate relaxed and supercoiled DNA.

The instant circular plasmids comprising one or more hairpin structuresupon supercoiling can be used to screen or identify inhibitors ofenzymes that regulate DNA topology, e.g., DNA topoisomerases. Forexample, to determine the presence of an inhibitor of a DNAtopoisomerase, a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor of the DNAtopoisomerase is added to a mixture of the DNA topoisomerase and acircular plasmid comprising one or more hairpin structures uponsupercoiling. After adding the T5E, the sc circular plasmid is digestedinto small fragments while the rx circular plasmid maintains itsconformation, which can bind to a DNA-staining dye. The fluorescenceintensity from the relaxed DNA samples is significantly higher than thatof supercoiled DNA samples.

Specifically, in the presence of a DNA topoisomerase I, the supercoiledcircular dsDNA molecules comprising two hairpin structures undergorelaxation so that T5E cannot digest such circular dsDNA. Such relaxedcircular dsDNA, thus, can bind to the DNA-staining dye, resulting in anincrease in the fluorescence. In the presence of an inhibitor of the DNAtopoisomerase I, T5E digests the sc circular DNA molecules comprisingtwo hairpin structures into small DNA fragments, leading to no or littlefluorescence in the presence of the DNA-staining dye.

For example, in the presence of a DNA gyrase, the circular dsDNAmolecule undergoes supercoiling, forming, e.g., two hairpin structures.T5E digests such se circular dsDNA molecule into small DNA fragments,which produce little or no fluorescence in the presence of aDNA-staining dye. In the presence of an inhibitor of the DNA gyrase, thecircular dsDNA molecule fails to undergo supercoiling and remain in therx configuration, which cannot be digested by T5E. The rx circular dsDNAmolecule can then bind to a DNA-staining dye and produce a fluorescencethat is significantly higher than when the DNA gyrase is not inhibited.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method forscreening/identifying inhibitors targeting an enzyme that regulates theDNA topology, e.g., DNA topoisomerase, the method comprises providing asample suspected of containing an inhibitor of the enzyme, e.g., DNAtopoisomerase; mixing the enzyme, e.g., DNA topoisomerase, and acircular dsDNA molecule with the sample, wherein the circular dsDNAmolecule comprises one or more hairpin structures in each strand uponsupercoiling; adding an exonuclease, e.g., T5E, or an endonuclease intothe mixture, wherein the exonuclease/endonuclease, e.g., T5E, digeststhe circular dsDNA molecule in a sc configuration comprising one or morehairpin structures in each strand into small fragments; adding a signalreporter, e.g., a DNA-staining dye; and determining the presence orabsence of the inhibitor based on a signal generated from the signalreporter, e.g., fluorescence, in the sample, wherein the signal reporterreacts only to the small nucleic acid fragments or the nucleic acidmolecule in a relaxed configuration.

In one embodiment, the method may further comprise determining and/orquantifying the signal from the reporter in the sample mixture. Thesignal can be determined or quantified through, for example, an opticalmeasurement, e.g., fluorescent or luminescent detection, colorimetry,and light scatter (turbidity).

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method fordetermining the presence of an inhibitor targeting a DNA topoisomerasein a sample, the method comprising providing the sample suspected ofcontaining an inhibitor of a DNA topoisomerase; adding a circulardouble-stranded plasmid comprising an adenosine-thymidine dinucleotiderepeat (AT)n sequence, wherein n≥2, in each strand, wherein the (AT)nsequence forms a hairpin structure upon supercoiling of the circulardouble-stranded plasmid; adding the DNA topoisomerase; adding T5E;adding a DNA-staining dye; and determining the presence or absence ofthe inhibitor based on the fluorescence in the sample.

In a specific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmidcomprising an adenosine-thymidine dinucleotide repeat (AT)n sequence ineach strand does not comprise any label (e.g., fluorescent dye).

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method forscreening/identifying inhibitors targeting a DNA topoisomerase I, themethod comprising: providing in a sample suspected of containing aninhibitor of the DNA topoisomerase I; adding a circular double-strandedplasmid, wherein the circular double-stranded plasmid is in a scconfiguration comprising two hairpin structures; adding the DNAtopoisomerase I; adding T5E; adding a DNA-staining dye; and determiningthe presence or absence of the inhibitor based on the fluorescence ofthe sample.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises quantifying the amountof inhibitor present in the sample based on the fluorescence measured inthe sample compared to the fluorescence measured in a control samplecontaining a DNA topoisomerase I, and the circular double-strandedplasmid, wherein the fluorescence in the control sample is high due tothe interconversion of the circular double-stranded plasmid to a relaxedconformation in the presence of the DNA topoisomerase; and thefluorescence in the sample is lower than in the control sample if thesample contains an inhibitor of the DNA topoisomerase I.

In a specific embodiment, the circular double-stranded plasmidcomprising an (AT)n sequence forming the hairpin structure in eachstrand. In a further embodiment, the two hairpin structures may have anidentical or different length.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method forscreening/identifying inhibitors targeting DNA gyrase, the methodcomprising: providing a sample suspected of containing an inhibitor ofDNA gyrase; adding a circular double-stranded plasmid, wherein thecircular double-stranded plasmid is in a relaxed configuration; addingthe DNA gyrase; adding T5E; adding a DNA-staining dye; and determiningthe presence or absence of the inhibitor based on fluorescence in thesample, wherein a strong fluorescence in the sample is indicative of theinhibition of DNA gyrase by the inhibitor while a low or no fluorescenceis indicative of the absence of the inhibitor.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises quantifying the amountof inhibitor of DNA gyrase present in the sample based on thefluorescence measured in the sample compared to the fluorescencemeasured in a control sample containing a DNA gyrase, and the circulardouble-stranded plasmid; wherein the fluorescence in the control sampleis low due to the interconversion of the circular double-strandedplasmid to a sc conformation in the presence of the DNA gyrase; and thefluorescence in the sample is higher than in the control sample.

In one embodiment, the sample is suspected of containing an inhibitor ofa DNA topoisomerase e.g., bacterial or human DNA topoisomerase I or DNAgyrase. In a specific embodiment, the sample suspected of containing aninhibitor of a DNA topoisomerase comprises a library of compounds thatpotentially target DNA topoisomerases.

In certain embodiments, the T5E is added in the sample at an amount thatcan completely digest the se circular dsDNA molecule of the subjectinvention. For example, T5E is added in the sample at a finalconcentration of 10 nM to 1 mM, 10 nM to 0.5 mM, 10 nM to 0.2 mM, 10 nMto 0.1 mM, 20 nM to 0.1 mM, 50 nM to 0.1 mM, 100 nM to 0.1 mM, 150 nM to50 μM, 100 nM to 50 μM, 100 nM to 20 μM, 100 nM to 10 μM, 100 nM to 5μM, 150 nM to 10 μM, 150 nM to 5 μM, 150 nM to 2 μM, 150 nM to 1 μM, 150nM to 750 nM, or 150 nM to 500 nM.

In one embodiment, the DNA dyes that can be used in the subjectinvention include, but are not limited to, Hoechest 33258, SYBR gold,ethidium bromide, EthD-1, and SYBR green. Preferably, the dye isethidium bromide, or EthD-1.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a step of incubating theT5E in the sample prior to adding the DNA-staining dye anddetermining/quantifying the fluorescence of the sample. In someembodiments, the T5E is incubated with the sample for at least 5minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 45minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, or 120 minutes. In certain embodiments,the T5E is incubated with the sample for about 5 minutes to 5 hours,about 15 minutes to 4 hours, about 30 minutes to 3 hours, about 45minutes to 2.5 hours, or about 1 to 2 hours.

In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention also comprisesadding a nucleoside triphosphate in the sample. In a specificembodiment, the nucleoside triphosphate is ATP. In specific embodiments,the nucleoside triphosphate may be added at a maximal concentration of12 mM, 10 mM, 9 mM, 8 mM, 7 mM, 6 mM, or 5 mM. In some embodiments, thenucleoside triphosphate may be added at a concentration of 0.01 mM to 10mM, 0.1 mM to 10 mM, 0.5 mM to 10 mM, 1 mM to 10 mM, 2 mM to 10 mM, 3 mMto 10 mM, 4 mM to 10 mM, 5 mM to 10 mM, 1 mM to 5 mM, or 2 mM to 5 mM.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method fordetermining, screening or identifying inhibitors of one or more DNAtopoisomerase in a sample, the method consisting of providing a samplesuspected of containing an inhibitor of a DNA topoisomerase; adding acircular double-stranded plasmid of the subject invention; adding theDNA topoisomerase; adding ATP to the sample; adding a T5 exonuclease(T5E) and incubating, preferably, for at least 1 hour; adding aDNA-staining dye; and determining the presence or absence of theinhibitor based on the fluorescence in the sample.

In one embodiment, methods known in the art may be used for quantifyingthe fluorescence in the sample. Such methods include, for example,fluorescence microscopy and plate readers.

Among the DNA topoisomerases that can be detected using the instantnucleic acid molecules, assays and methods include, but are not limitedto, type I DNA topoisomerases: type IA and type IB DNA topoisomerasesand type II DNA topoisomerases: type IIA and type JIB DNAtopoisomerases. The following are some examples of DNA topoisomerases:bacterial topoisomerases, including E. coli topoisomerase I, III, andIV, Mtb DNA topoisomerase I (MtbTopoI); bacterial DNA gyrase, e.g., E.coli DNA gyrase or Mtb DNA gyrase; virus topoisomerase, e.g., Variolatopo I; human topoisomerases I and IIa and other topoisomerase IA and IBtopoisomerases, and other topoisomerase IIA and IIB topoisomerases. Themethods can also be used to screen for yeast topoisomerase II, mammaliantopoisomerase II e.g., IIa and IIb, prokakryotic DNA topoisomerase III,yeast DNA topoisomerase III, mammalian DNA topoisomerase IIIa and IIIb,and poxvirus and vaccinia DNA topoisomerases.

In certain embodiments, the DNA topoisomerase is selected from DNAtopoisomerase I, II, III, IV, V and DNA gyrase. In a specificembodiment, the DNA topoisomerase is bacterial DNA topoisomerase I,bacterial DNA gyrase, human DNA topoisomerase I or human DNAtopoisomerase II. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA topoisomerase I isE. coli topoisomerase I, Variola topoisomerase I, Mtb topoisomerase I orhuman DNA topoisomerase I.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method fordetermining the potency of an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerases includingtopoisomerase I and DNA gyrase, by evaluating the IC50 of the inhibitor.The method may comprise adding a series of concentrations of theinhibitor in the sample comprising DNA topoisomerases with the circulardouble-stranded plasmid of the subject invention; adding T5E; adding aDNA-staining dye; quantifying the fluorescence of the sample; anddetermining the IC50 of the inhibitor.

In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention can also be usedto screen potential compounds as antibacterial and/or anticancer drugs.In certain embodiments, the compounds that target DNA topoisomerases, orDNA gyrases may have activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium bovis,Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium canetti,M. smegmatis and/or M. tuberculosis.

In one embodiment, the subject invention also provides a method forscreen/identifying DNA intercalators, the method comprising, orconsisting of, providing a sample suspected of containing a DNAintercalator; adding a circular double-stranded plasmid of the subjectinvention, the circular double-stranded plasmid being in a supercoiledconfiguration and comprising one or more hairpin structures in eachstrand; adding T5E; adding a DNA-staining dye; and determining thepresence or absence of the DNA intercalator based on the fluorescence inthe sample, wherein a higher fluorescence in the sample than a controlis indicative of the presence of the DNA intercalator, wherein thecontrol may comprise the circular sc double-stranded plasmid in theabsence of a DNA intercalator.

DNA intercalators are molecules capable of fitting between nucleic acidbase pairs. DNA intercalators can inhibit DNA replication in rapidlygrowing cancer cells. Thus, the method of the subject invention may beused for screening or identifying new drugs for treating cancers.

The subject invention provides circular dsDNA molecules, assays andmethods that can be used for rapid and efficient HTS, for example, in a96-well, 384-well or 1536-well plates setting, to identify potentialinhibitors from various compound libraries. Advantageously, only a smallamount, e.g., a few nanograms, of the nucleic acid molecules and T5E areneeded for each reaction.

High-throughput screening methods can leverage robotics and automationto quickly test the biological or biochemical activity of a large numberof molecules, e.g., drugs. Large scale compound libraries can quickly bescreened in a cost-effective way to accelerate target analysis andassess pharmacologically profiling agonists and antagonists forreceptors and enzymes.

In specific embodiments, the subject invention provides methods for HTSto identify inhibitors of one or more enzymes that affects the DNAtopology, the method comprising providing a sample carrier, e.g., HTSplates such as microplate, comprising arrays of individual reservoir,each reservoir containing a compound of a screening library or acontrol, adding a circular dsDNA molecule of the subject invention andan enzyme in each reservoir; adding an exonuclease, e.g., T5E, or anendonuclease in each reservoir; adding a DNA-staining dye; determiningthe inhibitors of one or more enzymes based on the fluorescence in eachreservoir.

In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention can be used fordetermining the presence of inhibitors targeting a DNA topoisomerase ina sample. In one embodiment, the method of the subject invention canalso be used for screening or identifying inhibitors of DNAendonuclease, and DNA nicking endonuclease.

In one embodiment, the circular double-stranded DNA molecules of thesubject invention can be used to detect and quantify the presence of DNAtopology affecting enzymes such as DNA topoisomerases, DNA gyrases, DNAnicking endonucleases, and DNA endonucleases, in a biological sample,for example, via the methods of the subject invention.

In one embodiment, the subject invention also provides kits forscreening inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases, e.g., topoisomerase I andDNA gyrase. The kit can comprise, for example, a circulardouble-stranded DNA plasmid of the subject invention, a DNAtopoisomerase, a DNA-staining dye and T5E, wherein the circular dsplasmid is in the supercoiled or relaxed conformation and the kit can beused to detect inhibitors of the DNA topoisomerases.

The kits may further be used in the methods described herein. The kitsmay also include at least one reagent and/or instructions for their use.Also, the kits may include one or more containers filled withreagent(s), and/or one or more molecules for use according to theinvention. The kits may also comprise a control composition, nucleosidetriphosphates and/or buffers. In a specific embodiment, the controlcomposition may comprise novobiocin and/or ciprofloxacin.

In certain embodiments, the kits may additionally include reagents andmeans for detecting the labels provided on the molecules used accordingto the invention. As it would be understood by those skilled in the art,additional detection or labeling methodologies may be used in the kitsprovided.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including,”“includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” or variants thereof are used ineither the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms areintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”The transitional terms/phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof)“comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” can be used interchangeably;“consisting essentially of,” and “consists essentially of” can be usedinterchangeably; and “consisting,” and “consists” can be usedinterchangeably.

The transitional term “comprising,” “comprises,” or “comprise” isinclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecitedelements or method steps. By contrast, the transitional phrase“consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specifiedin the claim. The phrases “consisting” or “consists essentially of”indicate that the claim encompasses embodiments containing the specifiedmaterials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic andnovel characteristic(s) of the claim. Use of the term “comprising”contemplates other embodiments that “consist” or “consisting essentiallyof” the recited component(s).

When ranges are used herein, such as for dose ranges, combinations andsubcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range),specific embodiments therein are intended to be explicitly included.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill inthe art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured ordetermined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. Forexample, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation,per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range ofup to 0-20%, 0 to 10%, 0 to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. Whereparticular values are described in the application and claims, unlessotherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value should be assumed.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art, notations and otherscientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have themeanings commonly understood by those of skill in the art to which thisinvention pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understoodmeanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, andthe inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily beconstrued to represent a substantial difference over what is generallyunderstood in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such asthose defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted ashaving a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context ofthe relevant art and/or as otherwise defined herein.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examplesthat should not be construed as limiting. The contents of allreferences, patents, and published patent applications cited throughoutthis application, as well as the Figures, are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety for all purposes.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

E. coli DNA topoisomerase I was purified according to our previouslypublished procedure (Xu, X. and Leng, F. (2011) A rapid procedure topurify Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. Protein Expr Purif, 77,214-9). E. coli DNA gyrase subunit A and subunit B were purified aspreviously described (Wang, Y., Rakela, S., Chambers, J. W., Hua, Z. C.,Muller, M. T., Nitiss, J. L., Tse-Dinh, Y. C., & Leng, F. (2019) KineticStudy of DNA Topoisomerases by Supercoiling-Dependent FluorescenceQuenching. ACS Omega. 4, 18413-18422). Mtb DNA topoisomerase I isprovided by Prof. Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh. Variola DNA topoisomerase I waspurified as previously described (Wang, Y., Rakela, S., Chambers, J. W.,Hua, Z. C., Muller, M. T., Nitiss, J. L., Tse-Dinh, Y. C., & Leng, F.(2019) Kinetic Study of DNA Topoisomerases by Supercoiling-DependentFluorescence Quenching. ACS Omega. 4, 18413-18422). A Hi-tagged T5exonuclease was purified from E. coli strain BLR(DE3) carrying plasmidpET28a(+)-His-T5E by Ni-NTA column followed by a Q Sepharose Fast Flowcolumn. The His-tag may be removed by TEV protease. Novobiocin andciprofloxacin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.

The circular ds plasmids can be made in small batches or in largemilligram amounts according to standard plasmid purification procedures.Plasmid pAB1 and pAB1_FL905 were described in our published article (Gu,M., Berrido, A., Gonzalez, W. G., Miksovska, J., Chambers, J., and Leng,F. (2016) Fluorescently labeled circular DNA molecules for DNA topologyand topoisomerases. Sci Rep. 6:36006). Supercoiled plasmid pAB1 waspurified from E. coli cells harboring plasmid pAB1 (Top10/pAB1). Relaxedplasmid pAB1 was prepared using variola DNA topoisomerase I or E. coliDNA topoisomerase I. Supercoiled pAB1, not relaxed pAB1, can be degradedby certain amount of T5 exonuclease in 1×Cutsmart buffer (NEB; 50 mMPotassium Acetate, 20 mM Tris-acetate, 10 mM Magnesium Acetate, 100μg/ml BSA pH 7.9@25° C.) or 1×DNA gyrase buffer (35 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.5,24 mM KCl, 4 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 6.5% glycerol, and 1 mMATP). Other buffers may also be used. (1% agarose gels are used todetermine whether the supercoiled pAB1 was degraded).

For HTS assay to identify inhibitors targeting bacterial DNAtopoisomerase I, human DNA topoisomerases and virus (variola) DNAtopoisomerase I, supercoiled pAB1 was relaxed in the presence of achemical compound or potential inhibitor by the DNA topoisomerase I at37 degrees. Then T5 exonuclease is added into the reaction mixtures andincubated for 2 hours. After this step, EthD1 (a DNA intercalator), orHoechst33258 (a DNA minor groove binder), or SYBR green (a DNAintercalator) was added, fluorescence intensity was measured by using aplate reader.

Example 1—A Unique Property of T5 Exonuclease

FIG. 1 shows a unique property of T5 exonuclease that completelydigested the sc pAB1 carrying a AT hairpin structure (FIG. 1A and lane 3of FIG. 1B). T5 exonuclease was not able to digest rx pAB1 (lane 2 ofFIG. 1B) and rx & sc pUC18. This unique property of T5 exonuclease canbe used to configure HTS assays to identify Topo inhibitors.

Example 2—A T5 Nuclease-Based HTS Assay for Bacterial DNA Gyrase

FIG. 2A shows a method to screen/identify inhibitors or other moleculestargeting bacterial DNA gyrase. This method can be easily configuredinto a high throughput format. In the absence of gyrase inhibitors,prokaryotic DNA gyrase can convert the rx DNA templates into the seform. This conversion results in the formation of a hairpin structure inthe plasmid. As a result, the sc pAB1 can be completely digested by T5exonuclease (lane 5 of FIG. 2B). In contrast, gyrase inhibitornovobiocin completely inhibited the bacterial gyrase activities andprevented the conversion of the rx plasmid pAB1 into sc form. T5exonuclease could not digest rx pAB1 (lane 6 of FIG. 2B).

A DNA-staining dye, such as ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1), candifferentiate these two T5 exonuclease-based reactions (FIG. 2C). In thepresence of a gyrase inhibitor, the fluorescence intensity of EthD1 issignificantly higher comparing with the DNA sample in the absence of agyrase inhibitor (FIG. 2C). High concentrations of ATP could inhibit T5exonuclease activities and may interfere with this assay (FIG. 3 ).

A series of experiments were performed to determine the optimalconditions for the T5 exonuclease based assay for E. coli DNA gyrase(FIGS. 4A-E). After these experiments, 10 μM (bp) of pAB1 (FIG. 4A), 200nM of T5 exonuclease (FIG. 4B) and 20 nM of E. coli DNA gyrase (FIG. 4C)were chosen for the assay. The assay tolerated up to 2% DMSO without anysignificant change in signal. Additionally, 1-2 hours of incubation withT5 exonuclease may be needed for the assay (FIGS. 4D and E).

Several different DNA-staining dyes, i.e., hoechst33258, SYBR green,SYBR gold, ethidium bromide, and EthD1 with different fluorescenceexcitation and emission wavelengths were examined (FIG. 5 ). All can beused in the assay depending on the fluorescence interference that thepotential gyrase inhibitors have.

Hoechst 33258 gives the highest fluorescence difference of the DNAsamples in the presence and absence of T5 exonuclease (FIGS. 5A and B).EDH1 was chosen for use for the following HTS assays because thisDNA-binding dye tightly binds to DNA and has good fluorescence signalsupon DNA binding. Ethidium bromide is inexpensive and can be used aswell (FIG. 5E).

Titration experiments were performed, in which different concentrationsof novobiocin and ciprofloxacin were added into the assays. FIG. 6 showsthat ciprofloxacin and novobiocin potently inhibited the activities ofDNA gyrase with an estimated IC50 of 3.1 and 0.48 μM, respectively.

Example 3—Screening of E. coli Gyrase Inhibitors by T5 Exonuclease-BasedHTS Assay

A 50-compound library that contains 9 known bacterial DNA gyraseinhibitors was assembled (Table 1) in order to establish and validatethe T5 exonuclease based HTS assay for E. coli DNA gyrase. The compoundswere added in the screening plate as indicated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 50-compound library HTS Plate Name Structure CID NSC 1ANovobiocin

54675769 1B Levofloxacin

149096 758709 1C Ciprofloxacin

2764 758467 1D Oxolinic acid

4628 758177 IE Enrofloxacin

71188 758616 1F Norfloxacin

4539 757250 1G Nalidixic acid

4421 757432/ 82174 1H Lomefloxacin

3948 2A suramin

5361 34936 2B trovafloxacin

62959 2C netropsin

4461 2D camptothecin

24360 94600 2E topotecan

60700 641007 2F tyrphostin AG 537

5329255 676486 2G echinomycin

3197 526417/ 13502 2H ampicillin

6249 3A citrinin

54680783 186 3B Polymyxin B sulfate salt

4868 3C L-tryptophan

6305 757373 3D pyridine

1049 141574/ 406123 3E Spectino- mycin

15541 3F tetracycline

54675776 3G sulfanilamide

5333 757404/ 7618 3H kanamycin

6032 4A deoxy- adenosine

13730 4B D-galactose

6036 4C D-glucose

5793 4D Glycine

750 760120/ 25936 4E L-arabinose

439195 4F L-lysine

5962 4G Vancomycin

14969 4H Bacitracin

11980094 5A ethacridine

2017 163296 5B Vitamine B1

135418510 5C imidazole

795 60522 5D Chloroquine

2719 187208 5E NSC47384

240739 47384 5F NSC54278

243964 54278 5G NSC108753

268501 108753 5H NSC116344

113169 116344 6A NSC116983

272529 116983 6B NSC130785

279596 130785 6C NSC149044

288280 149044 6D NSC152030

289778 152030 6E NSC174201

300101 174201 6F NSC409146

349435 409146 6G NSC601986

353501 601986 6H NSC640205

368866 640205 7A NSC668394

381594 668394 7B NSC97419

61253 97419

The screening results are shown in Table 2. HTS experiments weredescribed in Methods and FIG. 2A. The fluorescence was measured atλ_(em) of 617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader. The results(Table 2) indicate that the compounds in 1A (novobiocin), 2A (suramin),5A (ethacridine), 1B (levofloxacin), 1C (ciprofloxacin), 1BE(enrofloxacin), 1F (norfioxacin), 2G (echinomycin) and 1H (lomefloxacin)are DNA intercalators.

TABLE 2 HTS screening of 50-compound library for E. coli DNA gyraseinhibitors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 1688 1058 527 540 1407 668 445 B 1792 643687 575 467 581 127 C 1803 478 563 575 496 465 D 723 570 568 644 672 768E 1884 569 564 562 653 530 F 1817 191 588 546 602 539 G 521 1775 558 520698 476 H 1689 549 510 579 475 634

FIG. 7 shows the results of the screening at 20 μM in triplicate withthe following statistics: Z′, 0.64, S/B, 4.3, and 9 hits. These 9 hitsinclude novobiocin, 6 fluoroquinolones, suramin, echinomycin, andethacridine. Suramin is a known DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor.Echinomycin and ethacridine are DNA intercalators and should be able tosignificantly unwind the plasmid pAB1 at 20 μM. In this case, plasmidpAB1 was fully relaxed or positively supercoiled. The AT hairpinstructure was not formed. As a result, T5 exonuclease could not digestthe pAB1 DNA samples.

Additionally, pathogen box containing 400 compounds was screened by thenew fluorescence-based DNA gyrase assay. After several rounds ofscreening, two compounds, plate E-07F (CID:MMV688179) and plate E-05A(CID:MMV687798) were found to inhibit E. coli DNA gyrase activities.Plate E-05A is a known gyrase inhibitor, Levofloxacin. Plate E-07F is aDNA minor groove binder.

Example 4—Screening of DNA Intercalators by T5 Exonuclease-Based HTSAssay

The T5E-based HTS assay can be used to identify DNA intercalators. Inthe absence of the DNA intercalator, the sc pAB1 is digested by T5E,which cannot bind to the DNA dye, leading to no or litter fluorescence(FIG. 8 ). In the presence of the DNA intercalator, the sc pAB1 isconverted into the relaxed form, which cannot be digested by T5E. As aresult, the rx pAB1 can bind to the DNA dye, leading to a highfluorescence (FIG. 8 ).

The compounds were added in the screening plate as indicated in Table 1.The screening results are shown in Table 3. The fluorescence wasmeasured at λ_(em) of 617 nm with λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader.The results indicate that the compounds in 5A (ethacridine), and 2G(echinomycin) are DNA intercalators.

TABLE 3 HTS screening of 50-compound library for DNA intercalators. 1 23 4 5 6 7 A 223 575 230 204 1367 207 252 B 178 286 191 183 246 249 175 C202 153 198 207 214 207 D 170 259 218 206 220 314 E 196 185 220 213 207226 F 173 159 200 217 772 181 G 196 1659 206 187 452 230 H 241 304 245294 193 285

Example 5—A T5 Exonuclease-Based HTS Assay for Identifying MtbTopIInhibitors

FIG. 9 shows a T5 exonuclease based assay to identify MtbTop1inhibitors. This method can also be easily configured into a highthroughput format. In the absence of Mtb topo I inhibitors, the MtbTop1can convert the sc DNA templates into the rx form, which can not bedigested by T5 exonuclease (FIG. 9B). The rx DNA can bind to the DNAdye, e.d., ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1), leading to a high fluorescence(FIG. 9C). In the presence of the inhibitors of MtbTop1, the sc DNA isdigested by T5 exonuclease into small DNA fragments, which results inlow fluorescence in the presence of the DNA dye, e.g., EthD1 (FIG. 9C).

The 50-compound library was again used to establish and validate the T5exonuclease based HTS assay for Mtb topo I. The compounds were added inthe screening plate as indicated in Table 1. The screening results areshown in Table 4. The fluorescence was measured at λ_(em) of 617 nm withλ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader. The result from suramin, a knowninhibitor is shown in 2A. The results from 7A (NSC668394), 7B (NSC97419)and 2E (topotecan) indicate new Mtb DNA topI inhibitors as the result ofthe screening assay.

TABLE 4 HTS screening of 50-compound library for Mtb DNA topoisomerase 1inhibitors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 1585 615 1217 1455 1098 1239 541 B 1588 15441730 1116 1224 1082 474 C 1493 1444 1186 1058 1372 1194 D 1515 1416 13801321 1296 1153 E 1412 716 1492 1419 1276 1314 F 1192 1080 1397 1246 13241348 G 1836 1576 1523 1901 1575 1379 H 1999 1353 1466 1704 1486 1054

The result shows that the compounds of the library that can inhibit Mtbtopo I include Suramin, topotecan, NSC97419, and NSC668394.

Example 6—A T5 Exonuclease-Based HTS Assay for E. coli DNA TopoisomeraseI

FIG. 10 shows a T5 exonuclease-based assay for identifying E. coli DNAtopoisomerase 1 inhibitors. In the absence of E. coli topo I inhibitors,the E. coli Topo I can convert the sc DNA molecule into the rx form,which can not be digested by T5 exonuclease. The rx DNA can then bind tothe DNA staining dye, e.g., ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1), leading to ahigh fluorescence. In the presence of the inhibitors of E. coli Topo I,the sc DNA molecule is digested by T5 exonuclease into small DNAfragments, which results in low fluorescence in the presence of the DNAdye, e.g., EthD1.

The 50-compound library was again used to establish and validate the T5exonuclease based HTS assay for E. coli topo I. The compounds were addedin the screening plate as indicated in Table 1. The screening resultsare shown in Table 5. The fluorescence was measured at λ_(em) of 617 nmwith λ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader. The number found in 2Aindicates the result from suramin, a known inhibitor. The number foundin 7A indicates a new E. coli DNA Topo I inhibitor, i.e., NSC668394,identified as the result of the screening assay.

TABLE 5 HTS screening of 50-compound library for E. coli DNAtopoisomerase 1 inhibitors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 1071 671 1384 1428 1296 1791284 B 1408 1998 1637 1348 1441 1486 949 C 1191 1340 1779 1703 1151 1353D 1615 2061 1339 1589 1879 1642 E 2067 1730 1730 1786 2083 1706 F 18171489 1895 1914 1962 1418 G 1800 1249 1426 1637 1921 1667 H 1837 20341719 2016 1610 1657

FIG. 11 shows the results of the screening with the percentage ofinhibition. The compounds that can inhibit E. coli topo I include, forexample, suramin, NSC97419, and NSC668394.

Example 7—A T5 Exonuclease-Based HTS Assay for E. coli DNA TopoisomeraseI

FIG. 12 shows a T5 exonuclease-based assay for identifying variola virusDNA topoisomerase 1 (vTopI) inhibitors. In the absence of inhibitors,the vTopI can convert the sc DNA molecule into the rx form, which cannot be digested by T5 exonuclease. The rx DNA can then bind to the DNAstaining dye, e.g., ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1), leading to a highfluorescence. In the presence of the inhibitors, the sc DNA molecule isdigested by T5 exonuclease into small DNA fragments, which results inlow fluorescence in the presence of the DNA dye, e.g., EthD1.

The 50-compound library was again used to establish and validate the T5exonuclease based HTS assay for vTopI. The compounds were added in thescreening plate as indicated in Table 1. The screening results are shownin Table 6. The fluorescence was measured at λ_(em) of 617 nm withλ_(ex)=528 nm using a plate reader. The number found in A2 indicates theresult from suramin, a known inhibitor.

TABLE 6 HTS screening of 50-compound library for E. coli DNAtopoisomerase 1 inhibitors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 1026 591 1311 1482 1340 10961194 B 1268 1321 1744 1189 1326 1210 893 C 1264 1243 1195 1456 1240 1354D 1299 1712 1214 1502 1439 1143 E 966 1233 1203 1317 1162 1150 F 11901336 1482 1028 1211 1359 G 1649 1238 1434 1398 1535 1161 H 1433 17111200 1430 1117 1255

The results show that the compounds from the library, includingenrofloxacin, suramin, and NSC97419, can inhibit Variola topo I.

Example 8—T5 Exonuclease-Based HTS Assays for Human DNA Topoisomerase Iand II

FIG. 13 shows T5 exonuclease-based assays for identifying inhibitors ofhuman DNA topoisomerase 1 (HuTopI) and II (HuTopII). In the absence ofinhibitors, the HuTopI or HuTopII can convert the sc DNA molecule intothe rx form, which can not be digested by T5 exonuclease. The rx DNA canthen bind to the DNA staining dye, e.g., ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD1),leading to a high fluorescence. In the presence of the inhibitors, thesc DNA molecule is digested by T5 exonuclease into small DNA fragments,which results in low fluorescence in the presence of the DNA dye, e.g.,EthD1.

Compound NSC668394 is demonstrated as a new HuTopI inhibitor. FIG. 14shows that compound NSC668394 strongly inhibits HuTopI activities withan IC50 of 5 μM. In contrast, NSC668394 did not inhibit MtbTopI (FIGS.14B and D). These results show that NSC668394 specifically inhibitsHuTopI.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent theyare not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication and the scope of the appended claims. These examples shouldnot be construed as limiting. In addition, any elements or limitationsof any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combinedwith any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or inany combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosedherein, and all such combinations are contemplated within the scope ofthe invention without limitation thereto.

We claim:
 1. A method for identifying a DNA intercalator in a sample,comprising adding a circular double-stranded plasmid comprising twohairpin structures upon supercoiling, wherein the circulardouble-stranded plasmid does not comprise a fluorescent dye; adding a T5exonuclease (T5E); adding a DNA-staining dye; and determining thepresence or absence of the DNA intercalator based on fluorescence in thesample.
 2. The method of claim 1, the circular double-stranded plasmidbeing in a supercoiled configuration.
 3. The method of claim 1, thecircular double-stranded plasmid being converted to a relaxedconfiguration in the presence of the DNA intercalator in the sample. 4.The method of claim 1, the circular double-stranded plasmid being pAB1.5. The method of claim 1, the DNA-staining dye being Hoechest 33258,SYBR gold, ethidium bromide, EthD-1, or SYBR green.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, the circular double-stranded plasmid comprising about 15 ATs toabout 30 ATs.
 7. The method of claim 1, the circular double-strandedplasmid comprising an adenosine-thymidine dinucleotide repeat (AT)nsequence, wherein n=21.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a higherfluorescence in the sample than a control is indicative of the presenceof the DNA intercalator, wherein the control comprises the circularsupercoiled double-stranded plasmid in the absence of the DNAintercalator.
 9. The method of claim 1, the circular double-strandedplasmid comprising at least one DNA endonuclease recognition site. 10.The method of claim 1, which comprises incubating T5E in the sample forat least 1 hour prior to adding the DNA-staining dye.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, which further comprises adding ATP in the sample.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, the sample being a sample in a high throughputscreening (HTS) sample carrier.